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Catégorie:Métier du cinéma
catégorie:cinéma catégorie:métier Pathological eating disordersAn eating disorder is a mental illness in which the main problem is a person eats in a way which disturbs their physical health. The eating may be too excessive, too limited or of the wrong foods. The best-known eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
Types
PsychInfo , a major academic database in psychology and psychiatry, lists:
- Anorexia nervosa
- Beriberi
- Binge eating disorder
- Bulimia nervosa
- Hyperphagia
- Kleine-Levin syndrome
- Rumination
- Obesity as a result of eating disorders
- Pica
Over 50% of the sufferers of an eating disorder also have a comorbid diagnosis of severe mental depression. The American Psychiatric Association lists eating disorders and severe depression as primary diagnoses. Many insurance companies do not recognize this fact and refuse to reimburse treatment both the eating disorder and severe depression.
Some psychologists also classify a syndrome called orthorexia as an eating disorder - the person is overly obsessed with the consumption of what they see as the 'right' foods for them (vegan, raw foods, etc), to the point that their nutrition and quality of life suffers. Some people have food phobias about what they can and can't eat, which some also call an eating disorder. Another condition which is somewhat qualitatively different from the foregoing is pica, or the habitual ingestion of inedibles, such as dirt, wood, hair, etc.
Pathogenesis
Psychologists prefer to class the other syndromes as "mental disorders", going by the mental health model that views the syndrome as caused by something largely outside human will. Some eating problems, such as chronic overeating, are not always regarded as mental disorders but as a lack of self-control.
Eating disorders are said to "interfere" with normal food consumption and "lead" to serious health problems. Patients diagnosed with bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa have a mortality rate of between 5% and 12% per decade (Agras 2004) which is a higher mortality rate than any other mental illness.
People whose eating is disordered in these ways experience psychological suffering, typically becoming obsessed with food, diet and often body image, and their health is at extreme risk due to malnutrition. In the prevailing psychological view, patients with an eating disorder are seen as victims rather than as conscious actors: their suffering is not seen as self-inflicted but as the result of a disease. Most people with an eating disorder attempt to hide
their abnormal behaviour from others. They do not accept the diagnosis and will refuse treatment. As the treatments prescribed for eating disorders can take decades, mental health advocates warn that early "identification" of these disorders (and diagnosis of the syndrome as being caused by mental illness) may be the difference between life and death for the patient.
For many decades college girls have been susceptible to eating disorders. There are many causes of these disorders that are established by college environment. Homesickness, depression, and self insecurities are just a few examples of some of the causes of eating disorders in girls. College is a very stressful place for every student, and this stress causes problems in the diets of many girls which can lead to many different eating disorders. In a college atmosphere, especially as a freshman, everyday life is filled with unknown surroundings, people, and feelings. Anxiety is a feeling every freshman experiences because of the new situations they are being forced into. Most people do not know that they have anxiety issues until they reach an older age. Psychological problems almost are always the precursor to an eating disorder.
There are many variations of anorexia and bulimia. An anorectic may himself/herself eat, but severely restrict the amount and/or specific foods he/she eats; or the eating pattern can progress to the point of literally starving consuming nothing. There are other forms of purging besides vomiting: such as compulsive exercise and laxatives. Often times sufferers fall under the category of "eating disorder not otherwise specified" (EDNOs) in which the eating disorder patterns vary; for example someone with EDNOs might fluctuate between compulsively eating and starving and occasionally purge.
Women account for 90% of eating disorder cases. Anyone can have an Eating Disorder, but it most often occurs with young teens because they are the most at risk, due to their extreme exposure to the media. Teen’s feelings of need to conform to an idea of beauty that the media projects can be too much for some to deal with and can prompt them to take drastic measures to change their appearance.
References
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Journal references
- : An excellent current article on the consequences of eating disorders, the costs to families and institutions.
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- Abstract: In a prospective long-term follow-up of 84 patients 21 years after first hospitalisation for anorexia nervosa, we found that 50.6% had achieved a full recovery, 10.4% still met full diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa, and 15.6% had died from causes related to anorexia nervosa. Predictors of outcome included physical, social, and psychological variables.
Book reference
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External links
- [http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-922/eating.htm Eating Disorders: Counseling Issues]
- [http://web4health.info/en/index-ed.shtml Eating Disorder FAQs]
- [http://www.womenshealthzone.net/eating-disorders/eating-disorders/ Eating Disorders]
- [http://www.anred.com/defslesser.html Less-well-known eating disorders]
- [http://www.edreferral.com/consequences_of_ed.htm Consequences of eating disorders]
- [http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/eatingdisorders.cfm National Institute of Mental Health: Eating Disorders]: A detailed booklet that describes symptoms, causes, and treatments, with information on getting help and coping.
- [http://www.childadvocate.net/eating_disorders.htm Eating Disorders and Anorexia Nervosa] - original review articles
- [http://www.healthdiaries.com/news/eatingdisorders/ Eating Disorder News]
Category:Abnormal psychology
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